Parts of Speech | Definition, Examples, Exercises

Learn one of the basic and important topics parts of speech with definitions, examples, and exercises with answers. This lesson is equally important for all classes and grades.

Table of Contents for Parts of Speech

Common Noun/Nouns

The name of a common person, a common thing, or a commonplace is known as a “Common Noun”.

Examples of Common Nouns

Common Persons:
Boy, Girl, Male, Female, children, Baby, etc.
Common Things:
Mobile, Watch, Tree, Ball, Bat, Shoes, Fruits, etc.

Common Places: City, Town, Village, Province, District.

Country, Home, Street, Ground, Stadium, Market, etc.

Exercise in Paragraph

Underlined Common Noun Examples

Once there was a poor man. He lives hands to mouth. He has six sons and was worried about earning for them. Once, he went to the jungle to collect the wood so that he could sell it to earn some money. The poor man entered the jungle and started to collect the woods. Suddenly, he saw some bushes were moving. He reached there and saw a bird trapped in the very hard bunches of trees laid down. The poor man was shocked to see that it was an eagle and released it from the trap and sold it to a hunter at the worth of millions of rupees.

Proper Noun

The name of a particular/specific person, a particular/specific thing or a particular/specific place is known as “Proper Noun”.

Examples of Proper Nouns

(Specific Persons): Muhammad, Ali, Moosa, Rafique, Hurain, Fatima, Ayesha (any name).

(Specific Things): Quraan, Bible, Moon, Sun, Pepsi, Samsung, Gouri Missile, F17 Thunder, Al Khalid Tank, Minar-e-Pakistan, Khana Kaba, RoRoza-e-Rasoole-Rasool etc.

(Specific Places): Lahore, Pakistan, Shalamar Garden, London, New York, Kashmir, Usman Town, Model Town, Bahria Town, Iqbal Park, Rajasthan Sector, Street No.6, Railway Station Lahore, Chhanga Manga Forest etc.

Examples of proper nouns also include:

Names of people: John, Mary, James

Names of specific places: New York, Paris, London

Names of specific organizations or institutions: Harvard University, Google, the United Nations

It’s important to remember to capitalize proper nouns, as they are considered more important or specific than common nouns, which are not capitalized.

Underlined Proper Noun Examples

Irfan is a good cricketer. He is an opening batsman. His favourite cricketer is Imran Nazir. He likes to play the cover drive. His favourite bowler is Shoaib Akhter. He likes to play with the Kookaburra ball. SS Sports is his best sports brand as he plays with SS bat and wears Dunlop gripper shoes. He also wears an Addidas tracksuit and the Puma wristband. He uses a Lenovo laptop and Dell headphones.

Use of Proper Noun

It’s important to remember to capitalize proper nouns to show respect and to clearly distinguish them from common nouns. Proper nouns are used to refer to specific, unique entities, and it’s important to use them correctly to avoid confusion.

Proper nouns are used to refer to specific, unique entities. They are capitalized to distinguish them from common nouns, which are not capitalized.

Types of Proper Nouns

There are several types of proper nouns:

Personal names: These are names of specific people, such as John, Mary, and James.

Geographical names: These are names of specific places, such as New York, Paris, and London.

Organizational names: These are names of specific organizations or institutions, such as Harvard University, Google, and the United Nations.

Brand names: These are names of specific products or companies, such as Coca-Cola, Apple, and Nike.

Historical events: These are names of specific events or periods in history, such as the Renaissance, the Civil War, and World War II.

It’s important to remember to capitalize proper nouns, as they refer to specific, unique entities. Proper nouns are used to distinguish one person, place, or thing from another and to show respect for their specific identity.

100 Proper Nouns

Here are 100 examples of proper nouns:

1. John
2. Mary
3. James
4. New York
5. Paris
6. London
7. Harvard University
8. Google
9. United Nations
10. Coca-Cola
11. Apple (Mobile)
12. Nike
13. Renaissance
14. Civil War
15. World War II
16. Mount Everest
17. Amazon Rainforest
18. Great Wall of China
19. Sydney Opera House
20. Grand Canyon
21. Niagara Falls
22. Disney World
23. Yellowstone National Park
24. Big Ben
25. Eiffel Tower
26. Statue of Liberty
27. Mona Lisa
28. The Louvre
29. The Metropolitan Museum of Art
30. The British Museum
31. The Guggenheim
32. The National Gallery
33. The Vatican Museum
34. The Hermitage
35. The National Museum of China
36. The Australian Museum
37. The Natural History Museum
38. The American Museum of Natural History
39. The Field Museum
40. The Pacific Science Center
41. The National Science and Technology Museum
42. The Museum of Modern Art
43. The Museum of Fine Arts
44. The National Portrait Gallery
45. The National Air and Space Museum
46. The National Museum of American History
47. The National Museum of the American Indian
48. The National Cricket Stadium of Karachi
49. The National Museum of Women in the Arts
50. The British Library
51. The Library of Congress
52. The New York Public Library
53. The Boston Public Library
54. The Los Angeles Public Library
55. The San Francisco Public Library
56. The Chicago Public Library
57. The Seattle Public Library
58. The Philadelphia Free Library
59. The Houston Public Library
60. The Dallas Public Library
61. The Atlanta-Fulton Public Library
62. The Toronto Public Library
63. The Berlin State Library
64. The Vatican Library
65. The Bibliothèque Nationale de France
66. The National Library of China
67. The National Library of Australia
68. The National Library of India
69. The National Diet Library of Japan
70. The National Library of Russia
71. The National Library of South Africa
72. The National Library of the Philippines
73. The National Library of Brazil
74. The National Library of Mexico
75. The National Library of Peru
76. The National Library of Argentina
77. The National Library of Chile
78. The National Library of Colombia
79. The National Library of Ecuador
80. The National Library of Uruguay
81. The National Library of Venezuela
82. The National Library of Costa Rica
83. The National Library of Honduras
84. The National Library of Nicaragua
85. The National Library of Panama
86. The National Library of Guatemala
87. The National Library of El Salvador
88. The National Library of Belize
89. The National Library of Cuba
90. The National Library of the Dominican Republic
91. The National Library of Jamaica
92. The National Library of Trinidad and Tobago
93. The National Library of Barbados
94. The National Library of the Bahamas
95. The National Library of Puerto Rico
96. The National Library of the Virgin Islands
97. The National Library of Martinique
98. The National Library of Guadeloupe
99. The National Library of French Guiana
100. The National Library of Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Difference between Common Noun and Proper Noun

The main difference between common nouns and proper nouns is that common nouns refer to general categories, while proper nouns refer to specific entities. Common nouns are more generic and can be used to describe any member of a particular class, while proper nouns are unique and specific to a particular entity.

For example, “dog” is a common noun that refers to any member of the canine species, while “Rex” is a proper noun that refers to a specific dog. Similarly, “city” is a common noun that represents any urban area, while “Paris” is a proper noun that refers to a specific city.

Proper nouns are always capitalized, regardless of their position in a sentence. This capitalization helps identify and distinguish them from common nouns.

Proper nouns are specific and unique to individual people, places, things, or organizations. They typically refer to a particular entity rather than a general category. For example: “Tom Hanks” is a proper noun referring to a specific person, while “actor” is a common noun representing a general category.

Proper nouns can include names of people, cities, countries, companies, titles of books or movies, etc. They serve to identify and give individuality to specific entities.

It’s important to note that some words can function as both common nouns and proper nouns depending on context. For instance, “apple” is a common noun when referring to a fruit in general, but it becomes a proper noun when used as the name of a specific company, like “Apple Inc.”

Understanding the distinction between common nouns and proper nouns is crucial for proper grammar usage, as well as for effective communication and clarity in writing or conversation.

Understanding the distinction between common nouns and proper nouns helps in accurately conveying information and identifying specific individuals, places, or things in written or spoken language.

Abstract Noun

It is a noun that does not have a physical shape, cannot be touched and we cannot see it rather it is a state or feelings.

Examples of Abstract Nouns

Honesty, Thirst, Humour, Hunger, Love, Happiness, Hate, Thoughts, Feelings, Emotions, Thoughts, Intentions, Interactions, Ideas, Truth, Lie, Sadness, Justice, Bravery, Fear, Calm, Belief, Failure, Talent, Thrill, Success, Luck Fate, Confidence, Confusion, Tension, Horror, Fact, Competency, Creativity, Clarity, Cleverness, etc.

Use of Abstract Nouns in Sentences

Ligh behaviour is the best tool to win other’s hearts. Good behaviour and attitude cleanse a man’s personality. Some of the wise say that good behaviour is better than a beautiful face. Being human, use your soft tongue to strengthen your comments. Speaking loudly and without break is the mark of a lier. Great behaviour freezes the sight of the same. Good behaviour and attitude also strengthen relationships in societies. The behaviour is directly proportional to the thoughts a man thinks. It is guaranteed that society regards man’s personality as more adhesive because of his morality. Moral values are key to your behaviour.

Abstract Noun of Strong

Do you want to learn abstract nouns of strong? Let us learn in detail to catch the concept. In the English language, abstract nouns hold a special place as they represent qualities, ideas, and emotions that cannot be touched or seen.

In this student-friendly post, we will explore the multifaceted nature of the abstract noun of strong and its significance in our lives.

• Key Points to Learn Abstract Noun of Strong

• Physical Strength
• Mental Strength
• Emotional Strength
• Moral Strength

Physical Strength

When we think of the abstract noun of strong, physical strength may come to mind first.

Physical strength represents the power and ability of our bodies to perform demanding tasks. It relates to muscles, endurance, and fitness.

Whether it’s lifting heavy objects, running long distances, or excelling in sports, physical strength empowers us to push our limits and achieve our goals.

We admire athletes and individuals who demonstrate physical strength, recognizing their dedication and hard work in shaping their bodies and capabilities.

Mental Strength

Beyond physicality, the abstract noun of strong extends to mental strength. Mental strength refers to our ability to cope with challenges, setbacks, and adversity. It embodies qualities such as resilience, determination, and courage. When faced with difficulties, mentally strong individuals remain steadfast, maintain a positive mindset, and persevere.

They find inner strength to overcome obstacles and adapt to change. Developing mental strength requires self-belief, mindfulness, and the willingness to face our fears head-on.

By nurturing our mental strength, we can cultivate resilience, effectively handle stress, and maintain a healthy outlook on life.

Emotional Strength

Another facet of the abstract noun of strong is emotional strength. Emotional strength is the capacity to handle and manage our emotions effectively.

It involves being aware of our feelings, expressing them appropriately, and coping with emotional challenges. Emotionally strong individuals are capable of navigating through life’s ups and downs with grace and composure.

They display empathy, maintain healthy boundaries, and possess a robust sense of self. Emotional strength empowers us to embrace vulnerability, communicate honestly, and build meaningful relationships based on trust and understanding.

Moral Strength

Moral strength, an essential aspect of the abstract noun of strong, encompasses our values, ethics, and principles. It involves having a strong moral compass and adhering to what is right and just. Moral strength empowers us to make ethical decisions, stand up for our beliefs, and take responsibility for our actions.

It requires integrity, honesty, and a sense of justice. Cultivating moral strength allows us to be accountable for our choices and contributes to a more just and compassionate society.

Collective Noun

It refers to a noun consisting of a group of people or other nouns. We say it noun when several people/other nouns get together to make a group, called a collective noun.

Examples of Collective Nouns

Class, Army, Police, Crowd, Team, Nursery, Set, Audience, Bundle, Pair, Cluster, Album, Crew, Staff, Troop, Company, Gang, Hive, Fore, etc.

List of Collective Nouns

Class of students
Army of Soldiers
Police of women
Crowd of customers
Team of cricket
Nursery of flowers
Set of numbers
Audience of event
Bundle of books
Pair of shoes
A cluster of schools/Cluster of Soldiers
Album of National songs
Crew of Soldiers
Staff of teachers
Troop of commandos
Company of friends
Gang of prisoners
Hive of bees
Fore of Navy

Use of Collective Noun in Sentences

It was a beautiful and fresh morning. I was sitting under a mango tree. The bunch of mangoes was hanging. The birds were chirping in a flock in the trees. A shepherd was passing by near me with his herd. The bouquet of flowers was spreading an amazing fragrance. There is also a beautiful flower nursery in my garden which makes the surroundings fragrant. Moreover, many of the trees in my garden have a hive of bees. In the meanwhile, a cluster of herons flew over me creating a great scene. At the time, I saw the great nature of Allah which made me happy and I said bundle of thanks to Allah.

Material Nouns

The material noun is a material, substance, or ingredient that is used to make a thing, called a “Material Noun”.

Examples of Material Nouns

Gold, Silver, Gypsum, Wheat, Brick, Cement, Milk, Coal, Copper, Iron, Cotton, Wood, Wool, Glass, etc.

Animals / Birds/ Human voices ➡️ can be heard

Concrete Noun

A noun that can be identified through one of the five senses i,e taste, touch, sight, hearing, or smell.

Examples of Concrete Nouns

Sugar ➡️ can be tasted

Flowers etc ➡️ can be smelled

Animals / Birds/ Human voices ➡️ can be heard

Brick, Wood, Mobile, Iron, Plastic, etc ➡️ can be touched

Tree, Wall, House, Road, etc ➡️ can be seen physically.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns

The noun can be counted in numbers like 10 apples, 100 rupees, 50 students, etc.

Examples of Countable Nouns

Twelve ➡️ Balls

Eleven ➡️ Bat

Eight ➡️ Aeroplanes

Ten ➡️ Teachers

Fifty ➡️ Goats

Five ➡️ Children

Thirty-three hundred ➡️ Bricks

Fifteen ➡️ Tables

Twelve ➡️ Chairs

Ten ➡️ Apples

Definition of Uncountable Nouns

It is a noun that cannot be counted in numbers, unlike countable nouns.

Examples of Uncountable Nouns

Hair, flour, Wheat, Soil, Sand, Oil, Grass, Water, All liquids, Milk, Air, Salt, Sugar, Butter, Meat, etc

Possessive and Plural Nouns

Definition of Possessive Noun

Possessive noun is a noun that shows ownership or possession. In this regard, we use an apostrophe to show ownership.

Apostrophe ➡️ ‘s

Examples of Possessive Nouns

Ali’s book.

Moosa’s car.

Irfan’s bat.

Hurain’s doll.

Imran’s bike.

Definition of Plural Noun

It is a noun that is in the plural form whether it is a regular noun or an irregular noun.

Examples of Plural Noun

Tooth ➡️ Teeth

Kite ➡️ Kites

Knife ➡️ Knives

Mouse ➡️ Mice

Page ➡️ Pages

Foot ➡️ Feet

Book ➡️ Books

Regular and Irregular Nouns

Definition of Regular Nouns

It is a plural noun and when we convert it to plural form by adding “s” or “es” at the end of that noun.

Examples of Regular Nouns

Book ➡️ Books

Boy ➡️ Boys

Sparrow ➡️ Sparrows

Bus ➡️ Buses

Mango ➡️ Mangoes

Bench ➡️ Benches

Bush ➡️ Bushes

Shop  ➡️ Shops

Table ➡️Tables

Chair ➡️ Chairs

Definition of Irregular Nouns

It is a plural noun when we make it plural we do not add “s” or “es” at the end of that noun but change the shape of spellings or two r more spellings get changed to different spellings.

Examples of Irregular Nouns

Foot ➡️ Feet

Tooth ➡️ Teeth

Goose ➡️ Geese

Mouse ➡️ Mice

Child ➡️ Children

Louse ➡️ Lice

Ox ➡️ Oxen

Shelf ➡️ Shelves

Knife ➡️ Knives

Loaf ➡️ Loaves

Foot, Tooth, Goose, Mouse, Child, Louse, Child, Ox, Shelf, Knife, Loaf.

Pronouns

It is used in the place of a noun. The noun can be of any type. When we write or read a paragraph or an essay, we find a specific topic sentence repeats itself many times. For that, we cannot write its name every time. So, we use it at its (noun) place, called pronoun. Furthermore, there are three persons of pronouns, First Persons, Second Persons, and Third Persons.

For Example:

Before Using Pronoun:

I saw a flower. The flower was very attractive and beautiful. The colour of the flower was pink. The flower gave a pretty sweet fragrance.

After Using Pronoun:

I saw a flower. It was very attractive and beautiful. Its colour was pink. It gave a pretty sweet fragrance.

Remember, we must use nouns for the first time if there is only one noun and then we will use the only pronouns of that noun otherwise if there is more than one noun, we will use relevant pronouns in sequence. 

Most importantly, use “he/his/him” for male, “she/her/hers/her” for female, and “they/their/theirs/them” for more than male and female/ both male or both female.

Kinds of Pronoun

1. Personal or Subjective Pronouns

2. Demonstrative Pronouns

3. Relative Pronouns

4. Interrogative Pronouns

5. Reflexive Pronouns

6. Indefinite Pronouns

7. Possessive Pronouns

1. Personal or Subjective Pronouns

These are used as subjects and also for persons. Mostly, it comes at the place of the subject which is why it is called a subjective pronoun. We find it at the start of the sentence. It is also called as Nominative Case of pronouns.

For example,

I, we, you, he, she, it, they.

I wrote a writ petition.

We want to work in an insurance corporation.

You will be surprised.

He should pay attention to the matter.

She must compensate for her home issues.

It covered the whole sky.

They regarded him sincerely.

Let us learn all four cases of personal and subjective pronouns.

Use of Pronoun:

Subjective Case

I write a letter.

We eat fruits. 

You go in a one-down position.

She sews a sweater.

He earns a livelihood. 

They collectively do work. 

Possessive Singular Case

It is my tablet.

They accept our invitation.

It’s your incentive for the current month.

She is his sister.

He is her brother.

He appreciated their efforts.

Possessive Plural Case

If we use possessive case, then use possessive plural without an object of that sentence. Moreover, it comes for relation, connection, or occupying anything by a noun or a pronoun.

For example,

It is my cricket sweater. (Possessive Singular)

It is mine. (Possessive Plural)

It means,

mine=my cricket sweater.

Objective Case

In this case, a noun or pronoun comes in a sentence as an object.

The officer allowed him to go.

The mother loves us.

He gave them the job letters.

I gave him a scale.

2. Demonstrative Pronouns

It points out any noun instead of using “it“.

For example,

That is my coin.

These are butterflies.

Those are small plants.

This is an insurance corporation.

3. Relative Pronouns

It refers to some noun going before and also join two sentences together.

For Example,

Who, which, whose, whom.

That is the player who scored a century.

These are the students whom the teacher punished.

This is the book which I lost yesterday.

This is the girl whose brother is ill.

The car whose colour is grey has no audio player.

4. Interrogative Pronouns

Simply, these are used to ask any questions. 

The difference between relative and interrogative pronouns is the content of questions. It means we ask questions in interrogative pronouns whereas there is no question in relative pronouns.

For Example,

How old are you?

Where are going?

Whose book is this?

Which insurance policy do you like the most?

5. Reflexive Pronouns

These end in “self” or “selves” which are used when the subject and object of a sentence are identical or the same. 

For example,

Myself, ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves.

This proudy man loves himself.

6. Indefinite Pronouns

It means we do not actually know the pronoun. We use indefinite pronouns when we want to refer to people of things without saying exactly who or what they are. The pronouns ending in “body” and “one” refer to people and those ending in “thing” refer to things.

Examples;

I saw somebody here.

Did anybody work in an insurance company?

Would you like something better?

Nobody came to the meeting.

Is there anything in the cupboard?

Everybody was present in the hall.

7. Possessive Pronouns

These are the pronouns that show the possession of any noun or pronoun.

For examples,

It is his prize.

 Possessive pronouns are of three types.

A) Possessive Pronouns Singular:

We use possessive pronouns when there is an object in the sentence. 

For example,

He did my work.

They do their duty perfectly.

B) Possessive Pronouns Plural:

These are the pronouns that show the possession without an object in the sentence. 

For example,

Whose this book is?

This is mine. (Possessive Pronoun Plural)

3) Use of Apostrophe:

In this type, we use apostrophes to express or show the possession. To use an apostrophe, add ” ‘s ” at the end of the noun.

For example,

Smith‘s brother was named Danial. 

It is Tariq‘s book.

These are Imran‘s shares.

Remember, if the noun is singular we add ‘s at the end but if the noun is plural then just add ( ‘ ) at the end of the noun which is in plural form.

For example, 

This is boys‘ high school.

These are girls‘ clothes.

How to Use “It Pronoun”

It Pronoun Gender

In English, personal pronouns like “he,” “she,” and “they” are commonly used to refer to individuals with gender identities. These pronouns reflect the person’s self-identified gender or the gender assigned at birth.

While “it” can be used for animals, such as “It’s a dog,” or when referring to a non-gendered object, like “The book, it is on the table,” it is not generally used as a personal pronoun for people.

It is important to respect individuals’ self-identified pronouns and use the pronouns they prefer to use.

It Pronoun is Used For

The pronoun “it” is typically used to refer to inanimate objects, animals, or entities that do not possess a gender or are not typically associated with gender. Here are a few examples:

Inanimate objects: “They bought a brand new cell phone, and it really has many exciting and innovative features.”

Animals: “Look at that cute squirrel! It’s gathering nuts for the winter.”

Weather phenomena: “The storm is approaching fast, and it’s getting dark and dense outside our city.”

Concepts or ideas: “I had an interesting dream last night. It was very vivid.”

Again, it’s important to note that using “it” to refer to humans can be considered disrespectful.

When referring to people, it’s best to use gender-neutral pronouns like “they/them” if the person’s gender identity is unknown or if they prefer gender-neutral language.

It a Pronoun or Noun?

The word “it” can be used as both a pronoun and a noun in the English language.

As a pronoun, “it” is used to refer to a previously mentioned or understood noun that is typically inanimate or without gender. For example:

“I saw a bird. It was perched on the tree.”

“The package arrived today. It is on the table.”

As a noun, “it” can refer to a thing, animal, or concept. For example:

“What is it?” (referring to an unidentified object)

“The baby dropped its toy.” (referring to the possessive form of “it” when referring to a non-gendered or unknown-gender entity)

It’s important to note that “it” is not typically used as a personal pronoun for people, as personal pronouns like “he” or “she” are generally used for individuals.

However, “it” can be used for animals or when referring to a person in a dehumanizing or disrespectful manner, although this usage is considered derogatory.

It Pronoun Non-Binary

When referring to individuals who identify as non-binary, the pronoun “it” is generally not used and is considered inappropriate and disrespectful.

It is important to use gender-neutral pronouns like “they/them” when referring to non-binary individuals, as these pronouns are commonly preferred.

Using “they/them” pronouns respects and acknowledges a person’s gender identity outside the traditional binary categories of male and female.

Here are some sentence examples using gender-neutral pronouns:

“Alex is non-binary, and they use they/them pronouns.”

“I met a new friend today. Their name is Taylor, and they are really talented.”

“Jordan told me about their plans for the weekend. They are going hiking with friends.”

“Sam is a non-binary individual, and they prefer they/them pronouns.”

“Jamie is non-binary, and their pronouns are they/them. I admire their confidence.”

Using the correct pronouns is crucial for respecting and affirming individuals’ identities.

It is recommended to ask individuals about their preferred pronouns or use gender-neutral pronouns when uncertain, to create an inclusive and respectful environment.

It Pronoun for Animals

When referring to animals, the pronoun “it” is commonly used. This is because animals are typically not assigned gender identities in the same way humans are.

Here are some sentence examples:

“I saw a bird in the tree. It was singing beautifully.”

“My neighbour got a new puppy. It is so adorable!”

“I saw a squirrel in the park. It was gathering acorns.”

“The cat was playing with a ball. It seemed to be having a lot of fun with the ball.”

“I spotted a deer in the forest. It was grazing peacefully.”

In these examples, “it” is used to refer to animals without specifying their gender or when their gender is unknown or irrelevant to the context.

However, it’s worth noting that some pet owners may prefer to use gender-specific pronouns (such as “he” or “she”) to refer to their pets.

It’s always best to follow the owner’s preference when referring to specific animals.

Adjectives

For example:
(Quality)

• Nice
• Large
• Hot
• Honest
• Fast
• Sharp
• Intelligent
• Determined

(Quantity)

• Many
• Few
• Much
• Half
• All

How Adjective is Formed

Possessive Adjective

The possessive adjective modifies a noun by telling whom it belongs to. In other words, it answers the question “Whose?”. It also tells the property(owner) of a noun or pronoun.

Examples:

• His
• Her
• My
• Our
• Their
• Your etc.

This is my opinion.

That is his son.

She stands on her remarks.

They did their work themselves.

Absolute Adjective:

An adjective that generally is not capable of being Comparative or Superlative in degrees. In other meanings, these types of adjectives do not have comparative and superlative degrees.

Examples:

• Perfect
• Infinite
• Final
• Fatal
• Eternal
• Equal
• Dead
• Supreme
• Total
• Unique
• Unanimous

Adjective of Quality:

It simply shows the quality of a noun or a pronoun.

Examples:

• Rich
• Poor
• Intelligent
• Fast
• Beautiful
• Fresh
• Foolish
• Idiot
• Active
• Dull

Akram is a fast bowler.

Do not be foolish.

Sparrow is a tinny and beautiful bird.

Adjective of Quantity:

It refers to the quantity of a noun or pronoun, simply the quantity. Remember, the quantity should be in non-numeric.

Examples:

• Much
• Enough
• Half
• Little
• No
• All

He did much work for his assignment.

They have enough resources.

You achieved the half of target.

There is a little mistake in your essay.

He has no sense of doing business.

He has lost all of his wealth.

Adjective of Numeral

The adjectives express the numbers of a noun or pronoun. It will be in a countable form.

Examples:

• Two
• Four
• Ten
• Hundred etc
• Any
• Each
• Few
• Many

A thousand rupees.

Three goats.

There are few people on the ground.

Each and everybody should abide by the laws.

Adjective of Shape:

The adjective that shows the shape of a noun or pronoun is termed an adjective of shape.

Examples:

• Broad
• Skinny
• Narrow
• Rectangle
• Circular
• Square
• Triangular
• Flate
• Crooked

We should see it in a broad spectrum.

The wrestler was more than skinny.

It is situated on a circular road.

It was a flat cricket wicket.

The iron rod was very crooked.

Adjective of Color:

The adjective that shows the colour of a noun or pronoun is known as an adjective of colour.

Examples:

• Orange
• Red
• Blue
• White
• Yellow
• Green etc

Interrogative Adjective:

This kind of adjective is formed to use before a noun. Remember, the interrogative adjective is used very before a noun. It also finds in interrogative sentences.

Examples:

• Whose
• Which
• What etc

Whose pen is this?

Which book is yours?

What did Ali ask you?

Adjective of Size (Adjective and Types):

An adjective of size is an adjective that represents the size, mass, or specific space that a noun/pronoun takes.

Examples:

• Big
• Small
• Immense
• Tinny
• Large
• Colossal
• Petite (Small)

Proper Adjective (Adjective and Types):

A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun. The noun may be a language or geographical area.

Examples:

• Asian from Asia
• Punjabi From Punjab
• Pakistani from Pakistan
• American from America

Demonstrative Adjective (Adjective and Types):

It points out which person or thing(noun/pronoun) is meant. In simple words, this adjective points out the person or thing about which we are discussing.

Examples:

• This
• That
• Those
• These

These are my book.

This is a yellow colour.

Those trees are looking fabulous.

Distributive Adjective:

This type of adjective denotes/expresses a thing or a person separately.

Examples:

• Each
• Every
• Either
• Neither

Each student will perform on the stage.

Every batsman has his day.

Either Ali or Imran will answer this question.

Neither you nor Akram will go after off.

Exercise

Q.No.1 Underline the adjective with its type.

1. My pen is lost.
2. This boy is stronger than Akram.
3. Pakistani cotton is better than in America.
4. Everyone has his duties.
5. Ali is a good student.
6. Each boy must take his turn.
7. What news did she bring?
8. He has a little intelligence.

Answers:

1. My, Possessive Adjective
2. Stronger, Adjective of Quality
3. Better, Adjective of Quality
4. Every, Distributive Adjective
5. Good, Adjective of Quality
6. Each, Distributive Adjective
7. What, Interrogative Adjective
8. Little, Adjective of Quantity

Q.No.2 Classify adjectives with their types.

1. My father has bought a new car.
2. Ali is a clever boy.
3. All men are equal.
4. Every word of his story is false.
5. There are tall trees on either side of the road.
6. There are not many people at the cinema.
7. Which kurta do you like?
8. Here are some grapes.
9. That girl won the second prize.
10. Neither boy has done his work.

Answers:

his: possessive adjective

my: possessive adjective

clever: adjective of quality

all: adjective of quantity

his: possessive adjective

tall: adjective of size

many: adjective of quantity

which: interrogative adjective

some: adjective of quantity

that: demonstrative adjective

Verbs

It is a word that is used to express an action, state, or occurrence. It is the main part of a sentence and is a very important part of speech as any tense cannot be completed without a verb. There are twelve tenses and you will find a verb in every type whether is an indefinite family, continuous, perfect, or perfect continuous family.

For example:

go, write, run, stand, walk, drive, eat, drink, watch, read, listen, sit

Akram and Ali go to school.

I often write a letter alone in the mountains.

The lion runs very fast.

Stand here.

Walking daily makes a man smart.

They drive carefully.

How to Recognize a Verb:

In all twelve tenses, a verb always comes right after the subject or helping verb (if those tenses do not have any helping verb like present/past indefinite tenses then it will come right after the subject whereas, in the remaining ten tenses, it will come right after helping verb. In imperative sentences, then it will be in front of the sentence.

Types of Verb

There are many types of verbs depending upon the types of tenses and every tense has its own form of the verb to use.

1. Main Verbs
2. Linking Verbs
3. Auxiliary Verbs
4. Modal Verbs

The main verbs are related to actions, events, and states. Remember, the verbs we use in our daily lives are the main verbs.

Example:

They went ground straight after the sun was out.

(Action)

It was raining heavily yesterday.
(Event)

All the people were laughing there.
(State)

Unlike the main verbs, s do not express the action, it connects the subject and verb to give more information. Such verbs give the meanings or sense of being or seem.

Examples:

Ali looks happy.

The rose smells nice.

These leaves have turned pale.

This fruit tastes well.

Hence, it is proved the question is correct.

The clouds appeared from the West.

The total remains constant.

Auxiliary Verb is also known as Helping Verb. These types of verbs are used in a sentence with the main verb to extend and complete the meaning of a sentence and make the sentence more comprehensive.

Examples:

is, are, am, was, were, has, have, will, shall, etc

He is writing an article.

They were playing chess.

You will perform the prescribed task.

We have completed our work.

Applications of Helping Verbs:

Helping verbs have more contribution as a part of speech than other types of verbs. These types not only extend the meaning of a sentence but are also used to make the sentences negative, interrogative, and interro-negative.

Making a Sentence “Negative”:

To make any sentence negative, just place “not” right after the helping verb. So, it is important to first recognize a helping verb to use. For this make exercises to recognize helping verbs.

They have done their work in time.

They have not done their work in time. (Negative)

Making a Sentence “Interrogative”:

If we want to make a sentence interrogative, we’ll have to put the helping verb at the start of the sentence with the sign of question mark at the end if the sentence. So, this is another key contribution of helping a verb in making a sentence interrogative.

We shall meet the next Sunday.

Shall we meet the next Sunday?

Making a Sentence “Interro-negative”:

As we know Interro-negative sentences are those in which there is interrogation (question) as well as negativity(not). So, the helping verb is used to make a sentence interrogative.

All the insurance companies had paid their customers.

Had all the insurance company not paying their customers.

Modal verbs are those verbs that are used to express the mood, manner, or capability to perform any action.

Examples:

The examples of modal verbs are:

can, could, may, might, must, ought, should, would.

Application of Modal Verbs:

If you are thinking that learning Modal Verbs is difficult and complex to learn, come out of your dream and be easy and relaxed.  We share learning data of Modal verbs with definitions, examples, and Modal Verbs with concepts.

Model Verbs

When I was a child, I could play outside all day. Modal Verbs are defined as simply talking about your ability to do something. What are modal-Modals are people assisting verbs that communicate the mode of motion denoted through the primary verbs? Subsequent would be the people with the loved ones with the Modals: shall, will, should, would, can, could may, might, must, ought to, employed to, require and dare. They can add ideas like possibility, uncertainty, or obligation to another verb.

Some fascinating details concerning the modals-Modals are applied to communicate activity like capability power, permission, request, possibility, willingness, etc. right utilization of modals – considerable mistakes are committed during the utilization of distinct modals equally in speaking and also writing.

Point to be Noted for Modal Verbs

Rules

Grammatically, modal verbs follow their own rules. Let’s see what this means.

Rule Number One

A modal verb is monitored by an infinitive verb, without ‘to’.

For example:

‘She can speak fluent Spanish.’

‘We shouldn’t do anything until we know more.’

‘They won’t be here before ten.’

Neither can you write a noun after the modal verbs, nor an -ing verb, or anything else, only an infinitive verb without ‘to’.

Rule Number Two

 Modal Verbs cannot be utilized at different times or tenses. The modal verb does not require past, perfect, or future tenses as regular verbs do. There are some circumstances where this is not completely true.

For instance,

‘Could’ is the past tense of ‘can’ in a few circumstances.

‘Would’ occasionally does like a past kind of ‘will’.

Though, ‘could’ can also require a present or future meaning.

It is better to consider each modal verb separately.

Rule Number Three

 Modal Verb expresses ‘auxiliary’ verbs.

That means you create negatives by adding ‘not’ to the end of the verb.

For example: can, can’t.

Would, wouldn’t.

Might, might not.

Negative modal verbs are frequently contracted, although ‘might not’ and ‘may not’ are usually written fully, without contractions.

For ‘will’ and ‘shall’, the spelling changes in the negative: will, won’t; shall, shan’t. We do move the modal verb before the subject to make a question.

For example: ‘Should I tell him?’

Incorrect Utilization of Modal Verbs

Normally, mistakes are committed inside the utilization of should and will. Incorrect utilization of should and will alter the meaning within the sentence altogether.

Use of have to ordinarily, have to could be the previous tense (past form) of shall, but in a great deal of cases, it is utilized inside the existing context inside the pursuing area. It can also be employed to communicate tips or suggestions, e.g., you will need to perform difficulty to pass the examination.

Example and Practice

To practice this possibly new way to use could, I want to ask you a question. What’s something that you could do when you were younger but you can’t do now? Do you see how we’re comparing could do when you were younger and can’t do now with that present?

You might answer this by saying, “Well, when I was younger I could stay up all night but now I can’t. I get tired really early.” Or “When I was younger, I could eat sweets and never gain weight but now that’s not possible.” This is a good chance to practice could talk about your ability in the past. When I lived near the beach, I swim in the water every day. When I lived near the beach I could swim in the water every day, I would swim in the water every day or I should swim in the water every day? And when I lived near the beach I would swim in the water every day. We can use would talk about will in the past.

Both above paragraphs contain would, could, should, can, and can’t, which are all modal verbs that show the ability to do any action. 

Usage in Future Indefinite Tense

For your deep knowledge and concept development, I would like to share some information regarding one of the modal verbs which we use in the Future Indefinite Tense. Remember, only the Future Indefinite Tense contains a model verb which is “will and shall.” Also, remember that the modal verb comes after the subject and before the verb.

For example,

They will avoid the hot strokes of summer.

100 Most Used Verbs

Learn 100 Most Used Verbs that are often used in irregular verbs past participle, phrasal verbs, simple present tense, modal verbs, auxiliary verb, infinitive, conjugation, participle, regular verbs, verb examples, transitive verb, linking verb, irregular verbs list, etc.

Let’s do it.

Do you ever forget something?

Of course.

We all have.

For me, I keep a detailed calendar.

Because if I don’t write it down, I’ll probably forget it.

Let’s get started.

Be

I teach English.

You are being reminded of these verbs.

Have

He has five dogs. They haven’t decided where to move yet.

Say

What did you say?

I said that I like the beach.

Go

Let’s go to the new area.

Oh, we already went there last year.

Can

I can’t

Can you?

Get 

Getting a new job is stressful, but getting laid off is worse.

Would 

Would you like to select skydiving?

If I were you, I definitely would do that pious deed.

Make 

She always makes mistakes on her homework, but it doesn’t make her upset.

She doesn’t care.

Know 

I knew this would be a long lesson, but hopefully, you’ll know these verbs soon.

Will

Tomorrow I’ll be on a plane to Canada. I wish. It’s not true.

Think 

Do you think it is not going to rain?

Oh, I haven’t thought about that yet.

Take 

Little kids often take toys from each other.

It takes time to learn about sharing.

See 

Did you see some articles regarding political issues?

Yeah, I saw it.

Come 

I’m sorry.

I can’t come to your birthday party.

Could 

The little boy thought he couldn’t hike to the top of the mountain, but in fact, he could.

Want 

What do you want for a delicious lunch?

I thought I wanted to fish, but now I’m not so sure.

Look 

Look at that man. He’s balancing on a board juggling and he has a dog on his shoulders.

I saw this guy downtown in my city, and I had to take a picture.

It’s a pretty good street show, don’t you think?

Use 

I try to use English a little bit every day.

He isn’t used to the cold weather.

Find 

Have you found your lost wallet?

She is trying to find time to study before the exam.

Give 

He gave me a pretty beautiful birthday present.

When you give to others, you also feel pretty good yourself.

Tell 

The teacher told me that I needed to study more.

Don’t tell anyone about this secret, okay?

Work 

I have to work till night.

My cat bit the cord so my headphones don’t work anymore.

Notice the two ways that we’re using work here.

May 

May I ask you an important question?

It may rain tomorrow, but I’m not sure.

Should 

He should probably try to get to the airport by 7:00 AM.

Call 

Call me when you get free.

Nowadays, it’s more common to text someone than to call them.

Try 

I’ve tried to talk with her, but she just won’t listen. Come on, try the fish.

Maybe you’ll like it.

Ask 

Don’t ask me any more questions.

I’m so tired.

My boss asked me to stay late, so I have to work more.

Need 

Why do you need to take that big bag for just one-night stay?

 Oh, I don’t need this anymore.

Feel 

When he said he loved me, I felt over the moon.

At the doctor’s office, she asked him to feel the lump behind her ear.

Become 

After 6 years in university, he finally became a surgeon.

I quit my job because it became too stressful.

Leave 

We need to leave the house at 8:00 AM on the dot. Dan’s family’s cat just left and never came back.

It was really sad. It’s kind of an older cat. They had a lot of friends coming and going in their house, and the door was left open and the cat just walked out. Goodbye, Sam the cat.

Put

When you’re done with that bowl, just put it in the sink.

When you’re having an argument, it’s good to put yourself in the other person’s shoes.

Mean

Oh, I’m so sorry.

I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings and passions.

What’s that mean?

Notice the two meanings of the word mean.

Keep

Did you keep anything from your childhood time?

My boss keeps asking me if I finished my assignment.

Notice, again, the two ways that we can use keep.

Let

My parents didn’t let me go out abroad to play.

The teacher let the students know that the exam was canceled.

Yay!

Begin

When does the night show begin?

I lost my invitation card.

Something went wrong, so you need to begin again.

Seem

It seems like it’s going to be a sunny day today.

The answer to number three doesn’t seem right.

Help

Can you help me?

When one helps others, he/she can’t help helping yourself.

If you know where that song line is from, I’ll be very impressed.

Talk

Can we talk?

If you’d like to know some differences between speak, say, and talk, you can check out this

video lesson that I made up here.

Turn

Turn off the lights when you leave the room.

Go straight, then turn left.

Start

When does the movie start?

Thanks to this lesson, I’m starting to remember more of these verbs.

Might

It might rain tomorrow, so let’s go hiking today.

You might not want to read all of the YouTube comments.

Sometimes they’re not so nice, except on my channel.

You guys are always so kind.

Show

Will you show me how to fix this sentence?

She showed me 500 pictures of her marriage ceremony from abroad.

Hear

I heard a loud noise in the middle of the night.

Did you hear what she said?

Play

He plays baseball every Thursday.

Whenever I ask my son what he wants to do today, he always says, “Play, play, play!”

I guess he loves playing.

Run

Have you ever run a marathon?

She runs an English teaching business.

Oh wait, that’s me.

Notice the two ways that we can use run here.

One is for physical movement, fast walking, running, and the other is for owning and continuing

a business.

She runs a business.

Move

They decided to move to the city.

Like

Did you like English when you first started studying?

I definitely don’t like cold weather.

Live

The oldest person on record lived to 122 and a half years old.

That’s incredible.

Believe

A lot of little kids believe in Santa Claus when they’re little.

I can’t believe that I believed your story.

It was so ridiculous!

Hold

Can you hold this, please?

The mom held her child’s hand tightly as they crossed the street.

Bring

I’ll bring a bottle of wine to the party.

Looking at those pictures brought up a lot of feelings inside of me.

This is a wonderful phrasal verb, to bring up some feelings inside of you.

Happen

How did I wake up here?

I have no idea what happened yesterday.

They happened to see each other at the park.

For some more in-depth ways to use this really common but slightly complex verb happen and

happened to, check out this lesson that I made up here completely about the word happen.

Must

It must be really hard to be a single mom.

You must never do that again.

I want to let you know that in American English we hardly ever use the word must to mean need,

so that second sentence.

You must never do that again.

Oh, it must be really hard.

That must be really annoying.

That’s the most common way to use must.

Write

I like to write notes by hand.

Write a comment below this video using some of these top verbs.

Provide

Parents have to provide food, shelter and hopefully love to their children.

I asked him to provide some more information about the course.

Sit

We sat on the couch before we bought it.

It’s not good for your health to sit for too long.

Stand

If you need to sit for your job, it’s important to stand up at least once every 30 minutes

and stretch your legs and stretch your arms.

I can’t stand that music.

Notice the two ways to use stand here.

I can’t stand that music’s a really common way to stand.

I can’t stand it.

Lose

He thought he lost his wallet.

He almost lost his mind, and then he found it in his car.

Pay

Don’t forget to pay your bills every month.

Meet

How did you meet each other?

This is a common question to ask couples.

It’s just a conversation starter.

If you’re sitting around a dinner party and you want to get to know people better, you

could say, “Oh, how did you meet each other?”

Always great for conversation.

Let’s meet at the entrance of the museum to find a place to meet.

Include

Yoga and Pilates classes are included in the gym membership.

I’ll try to include all of the important information in my speech.

Continue

I want to trust you, but why do you continue lying to me?

To continue learning English with me, you can download my free ebook in the description

below this video.

Set

When you’re finished with the book, just set it on my desk.

I need to set up for the party.

It starts in 15 minutes.

Learn

My high school biology class was useless.

I didn’t learn anything.

I hope you’re learning a lot from this lesson.

A common mistake that I hear is a mixing up learn and teach.

Sometimes I hear English learners say, “The teacher taught me a lot.”

Change

When she looked over the exam, she changed two answers.

Do you think you’ve changed a lot since high school?

Let me know in the description.

Do you think you’ve changed a lot?

Lead

I saw a mother duck leading her ducklings through the park.

My sister doesn’t know how to get there, so I’ll lead her in my car and she can follow me.

Understand

I can’t understand why some people are so mean.

Have you understood every sentence in this lesson?

I hope so.

Watch

Millions of people watch the Olympics every few years.

Watch out for crazy drivers on Friday nights.

Sometimes they’ve had too much to drink.

Watch out.

Follow

The small child followed the older child everywhere.

Don’t follow financial advice from people who are broke.

That means they have no money.

If someone gives you financial advice and you want to take it, they better be very wealthy

and be successful.

Don’t take, don’t follow financial advice from people who are broke.

Stop

When I stopped going to bed late, I felt better.

Surprise

You should stop smoking, but don’t stop believing.

Create

The hurricane created a big disaster.

Speak

We spoke about three important topics during the meeting.

If you don’t speak up about your problems, no one will know.

Read

What’s the best book that you have ever read?

When you read out loud, you test your pronunciation skills, so it’s a great thing to do.

Read, it’s spelt the same, but the pronunciation is different.

Allow

When I was a kid, I was allowed to eat dessert after I’d eaten some vegetables.

Do you allow yourself to make some mistakes?

Add

He tries to add 15% of his income to his savings every month.

When you bake bread, make sure that you add the ingredients very carefully.

Spend

It’s a good principle to spend less money than you make.

Notice that the two most common ways to use spend are to spend money and to spend energy.

Grow

Ideally, as we grow up, we mature.

The tree is growing too close to their house, so they have to cut it down.

Open

Don’t leave the door open because mosquitoes will get inside.

Most people who learn new languages are open to different cultures and ideas, like you.

Walk

We usually walk to the park every other day.

Win

His son’s team won the basketball championship.

In war, nobody wins except the politicians.

Offer

I offered to take care of her cat while she was out of town.

The bicycle shop offers a range of bicycles for all needs.

Love

I loved playing the flute in high school, but I need to keep it up.

Have you ever loved someone who didn’t love you back?

Consider

Thanks for your advice.

I’ll consider it.

It’s generally polite to consider the opinions of other people.

Appear

The cat appeared in my yard from nowhere.

He appears to be sad, but really he’s just tired.

In the second sentence, we can also say he seems to be sad, but really he’s just tired.

The word that appears in this situation is a little bit more formal, but they both mean the samething.

Buy

It’s a good idea to wait 24 hours before you buy anything expensive.

Wait

I can’t wait until this weekend.

Children have a hard time waiting because their sense of time hasn’t really developed

yet.

Serve

The waiter served the head of the table first and then everyone else.

Kindness will serve you well in life.

This is a great expression, to serve you well.

What are some character traits or values that will serve you well in life?

Maybe respect, kindness, curiosity, and the ability to finish a task will serve you well in life.

Die

My cat jumped out of the second-story window, but she didn’t die.

It was amazing.

This is a true story.

She was only a couple of months old.

She jumped out of the window, and she didn’t die.

I’m so glad.

I’m dying to share this lesson with you.

Even though this expression uses the word dying, it really means I can’t wait.

I’m dying to go to France next year.

I’m dying to learn more English.

I’m dying to share this verb lesson with you.

Send

His grandma sends him a birthday card every year.

I love it when you send me postcards from your country.

My address is in the description if you want to send me a postcard.

Expect

She was a big fan of the book, so she expected the movie to be better, but it wasn’t great.

I can’t go out because I’m expecting the electrician to come soon.

Build

The dad is building a treehouse for his kids.

At least seven new hotels are being built in my city every year.

Stay

I told my son to stay right there and I would be right back.

We stayed at my brother-in-law’s house for five days.

Fall

Be careful on the ice.

I don’t want you to fall.

Cut

She cut her hand on the sharp knife.

At my son’s birthday party, all of the kids watched so closely as I cut the cake.

Reach

Our kitchen has some high shelves that I can barely reach.

We try to keep valuable breakable items up high so that our toddlers can’t reach them.

Kill

I was kind of surprised that this was on the top 100 verb list because, personally, I don’t

use the verb kill very much, but maybe other people do, so here’s a sample sentence.

The lion killed the antelope with precision.

After moving, my back was killing me.

This is the most common way that I use to kill.

Adverbs

An adverb is a concept that tells how, when, and where some action was taken place or performed, called “The Adverb“.

For example,

I can do this sum easily. (How/Manner)

The event was arranged at night. (When/Time)

He reached abroad last month. (Where/Place)

How Adverb is formed?

The adverb is formed in several ways. The adverb can be considered by place, time, and manner, and most importantly the adverb is also formed from the adjective (adjective of quality). Moreover, the following are the ways to form adverbs.

1. In most cases, an adverb is formed by adding ‘-ly’ at the end of an adjective.

2. If the adjective ends in ‘y’, replace the ‘y’ with ‘i’ and add ‘ly’.

3. If the adjective ends in ‘-able’, ‘-ible’ or ‘-le’, replace ‘e’ with ‘y’.

4. If the adjectives ends in ‘-ic’, add ‘ally’ at the end.

5. In some cases, we use adverbs that are the same as adjectives. So, the difference will be the placements in a sentence. For example: early, late, fast, near, hard, straight, high, wrong, etc.

So, how can we use them depending on the place or position in a sentence?

6. ‘Well’ and ‘good’ 

‘Well’ is the adverb that corresponds to the adjective ‘good’.

Kinds of Adverb

There are eleven important kinds of adverbs.

1. Adverbs of Manne

It tells us how something happens. They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object. These types of adverbs answer the question having ‘how?’.

Examples:

1.They treated us badly.

(The above answer derived from How did you treat?)

So, this a way to learn adjective of manner, means, in which context the action takes place.

2. He arrived safely.

3. He slept soundly.

4. The soldiers fought bravely.

Here are some commonly used adverbs.

2. Adverbs of Place

It shows where the noun or pronoun is located or present. It gives the answer to ‘where?’.

Examples:

1. He sat near the tap.

(Where did he sit?)

2. He climbed up the tree.

3. He is here for the holiday.

4. He was standing here.

5. Please sit down.

6. It is raining, let us go inside.

All the above-underlined words represent the adverb of place.

List of some Adverbs of Place:

3. Adverbs of Time 

It tells us when an action has taken place or happened. It also tells us how long and how often it happened. On the other hand, the adverb of time is the answer to ‘when?’.

Examples:

1. I saw him yesterday.

(When did you see him?)

2. They came yesterday.

3. May I do my work later?

4. We get up early.

5. They get up late.

6. Ahmed has just arrived.

List of some Adverbs of Time:

4. Adverbs of Certainty

It tells us how sure or certain we feel about an action or event. These verbs are placed before the main verb but after the verb ‘to be’.

Examples:

He definitely left the house this morning.

He is probably in the park.

Examples:

He has certainly forgotten the meeting.

He will probably remember it.

In some cases, adverbs come at the start of the sentence but these adverbs are not many in numbers, they are very few. Do not forget to place a comma (,) after such adverbs.

Examples:

Undoubtedly, Ricky Ponting was a great cricketer.

Surely, you have gotten admission. 

5. Adverbs of Degree

It tells us about the intensity، strength or degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb.

Common adverbs of degree:

Adverbs of a degree usually placed before the adjective or adverb and before the main verb.

Examples:

The waster was extremely hot.

She is just leaving. She has almost finished. 

6. Interrogative Adverbs

It interrogates or makes interrogation like what, where, why, how, for, how long, etc. They are usually placed at the beginning of a question.

Examples:

What is your name?

How are you?

When will you leave?

Where do you live?

7. Relative Adverbs

It extends the meanings of the verb and joins two sentences.

Examples:

I wonder how you will pass.

That is why I resign.

I know who the examiner was.

He did not tell me when he would come.

8. Adverbs of Numbers

It expresses the numbers and answers to ‘how often’.

Examples:

Try try again.

Read this story again.

They visit the market frequently.

Once, there was a crow.

He often commits the same mistake.

9. Adverbs of Quantity

It expresses the quantity and answer to ‘how much’.

Examples:

I am very thankful to you.

I have much money.

He has little milk.

He is strong enough to perform.

10. Adverbs of Purpose

It states the purpose of any action performed by the noun or pronoun.

Examples:

She drove her boat slowly to avoid the rocks.

They shopped in several stores to get the best buys.

11. Adverbs of Frequency

It expresses how often an action is done.

Examples:

Ajmal usually goes to work by car.

I am never late for work.

I often go to the market.

Always update the knowledge.

The above stats are for the purpose of learning. It might be accurate or not.

Prepositions

The preposition expresses or shows the position or location of a noun or pronoun and describes a relation between them. On the other hand, we can say the preposition is just like ‘Pre Position’.

Example:

 Near, under, on, at. 

The cows are in the fields…… (Location/Position)
They killed the snake with stones…… (Relation)

The frog jumped into the water…… (Location/Position)

You should be with your friend…… (Relation)

You know nothing about Ali……(Relation)

China is in the North of Pakistan…… (Location/Position)

Types of Preposition

1. Preposition of Place (Preposition and Types)

Simply, prepositions of place describe the place of a noun stating where is the noun is present. It also expresses the position of a person or thing which is related to another person or thing.

The Use of Prepositions of Place

Applying the above Prepositions of Place:

He sat on the table.

They live in London.

Smith works in Insurance Corporation.

The jug is at the table.

I live near a canal.

The swallows flew over the city.

The cat jumped upon the roof.

The diver dived into a very deep river.

The ball was above shoulder height.

The last four students are below the performance.

The thieves entered the house through the hole.

The teacher ordered the students to stand up.

The students sat down as he signalled. 

He lives across the canal.

A boy hid behind the tree.

Wait beside the main gate of the University.

I was sitting by (near) a tree.

The bird was wondering about his nest.

Both the drivers drove their cars very fast between two points.

He is sitting among his brothers.

He is sitting alone under the tree.

 2. The Preposition of Direction

The preposition of direction shows the direction of the noun. Furthermore, it tells whether the noun is placed on left or right, etc. You can also say that this preposition shows the sides of the noun. This type of preposition is further part of the preposition of place. For example, you live in a town (Place) and live right (Direction) of the main gate of the town.

The Use of Prepositions of Place

Applying the above Prepositions of Place:

The ball was coming very fast toward me.

He pushed the air pump downward.

The thief looked outward and ran away.

The rays of the sun were coming inward showing an attractive scene.

He stretched his hands upwards.

They came from London last night.

She was sitting on the right side of the first row.

The boy sitting on the left side is my brother.

One God is above us.

The stars are shining above us.

Your son is performing our target.

He is much below in the class.

3. The Preposition of Time (Preposition and Types)

This type of preposition is used to describe the time.

The Use of Prepositions of Place

Applying the above Prepositions of Time:

The train will arrive at 11:30.

I will reach at 10 O’clock.

He had reached home from abroad a month before his marriage.

The students write their homework during school time.

It was nearly morning by the time he reached.

He has been doing his job for four years.

He returned to Switzerland after two years.

He reached here two days ago.

Let us wait until night.

All the students reached in time.

They returned in July.

We have been waiting for him since morning.

Can he wait till evening?

Smith came on Sunday.

Complete your assignment within two days.

4. The Preposition of Manner

This type of preposition expresses how a certain thing happened or is done.

The Use of Prepositions of Manner

Applying the above Prepositions of Manner:

I want some milk for my children.

I did not expect this from you.

I am a student of your class.

Keep off (away) from the fire.

He answered me with a smile.

This novel is written by Shakespeare.

5. Compound Preposition

A compound Preposition is made by prefixing a preposition to a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

Prefixing:

When we add a word or two or more letters before a proper word to form a meaningful word.

Example:

Able → enable, Unable

Respect → Disrespect

Some  →  Lonesome

Order → disorder etc.

There is a large bridge across the river.

He was walking along the road.

The treasure lies beneath the rock.

He is hiding behind the tree.

She is sitting beside me.

6. Phrasal Verb

A phrasal verb is a verb plus a preposition or adverb which creates a meaning different from the original verb.

Example:

Verb + Preposition  = Phrasal Verb

call + off                  =  call off

The meaning of “call” is opposite to “call off” which means “cancel”.

Prepositions Appropriate

In English Grammar, some special prepositions are used with special words.

Gerund/Helping Verbs

A gerund is that form of the verb which ends in “ing” and is partly a verb and partly a noun. (It is a verbial noun).

The gerund and the infinitive can have the force to act as a noun and a verb. Therefore, their uses are also similar or identical. 

For example,

Smoking is injurious to health.

It is also defined as the “ing” form that acts the same as a noun does. For instance, “writing is art.” In this example, “writing” belongs to a gerund and it behaves like a noun.  

1. The Use of Gerund

1. Subject of a Verb

I. Smoking is injurious to health.

ii. Drinking breeds many diseases.

iii. Walking is useful for health.

2. Object of a Transitive verb

I. I hate gambling.

ii. Children stopped talking.

iii. We enjoy playing on Sunday.

3. Subject of a Preposition

i. She is fond of singing.

ii. I am tired of studying.

iii. He is in the habit of smoking.

Learn prepositions completely.

4. Complement of a verb

i. Seeing is believing.

ii. The most hated thing is lying.

iii. Hearing is obeying.

iv. What he likes best is fishing.

5. As a Compound Noun

i. A flying plane(A plane for flying).

ii. A frying pan( A pan for frying).

iii. A swimming costume(A costume for swimming).

 6. Preceded By a Noun or Pronoun

Note: When a gerund is preceded by a noun or pronoun, it must be in the possessive form. (Ali’s, Ahmad’s, my, your, his, her, our, etc.) as the gerund is finally a Noun.

i. He insisted on my being present in the meeting.

ii. I hope you will justify my leaving very soon.

iii. She persisted in Ali’s staying with her.

iv. I postponed telling Joseph the actual matter.

7. Sometimes, a Gerund in the Possessive case is not Used:

(A). When it Denotes a Lifeless Thing.

i. There is no possibility of a train coming late.

ii. There is a possibility of the bus being late.

iii. I hope the car will arrive soon.

(B). When a plural Noun finished in “S”

i. I like the boys playing hockey.

ii. She wants the girls to be present.

iii. I want the toys to be imported.

(C) When Gerund is Used in the Passive Form

I. He was being sent to jail.

ii. Shoaib was being dismissed from service.

iii. Students were being taught a lesson.

EXERCISE No.1 of Gerund and Its Forms

Provide suitable Gerund in the following sentences.

1. Smoke is injurious to health.

2. Hunt is my favourite game.

3. Fly birds look beautiful.

4. I like smiling faces.

5. He dislikes standing in a queue.

6.I am fond of hunting.

7. I hate smoke.

8. She taught me to knit.

9. Gamble is a bad habit.

10. Read gives me joy.

11. Children love play.

12. I disapprove of sleep all the time.

13. Smoke is not allowed in the office.

14. Give is better than receive.

15. Swim is his hobby.

16. Tell lies leads to problems.

17. Question is easier than answer.

18. Drink breads many diseases.

19. I thanked him for come early.

20. Will you excuse my leave early?

21. Write on charts with colours, is my passion.

22. Play in national team, is everyone’s dream.

Note: Add “ing” to the underlined word to make Participle or Gerund.

Difference between Gerund and Present Participle

Gerund and present participle both are a form of the verb which ends in “ing”.

(A) Gerung is partly a verb and a noun partly also.

(B) Participle is partly a verb but partly an adjective. 

(C) Gerund is verb-noun whereas participle is a verb-adjective.

More Difference between Gerund and Present Participle

Note: In the examples above, we find one word common in every two sentences but the second is different. We see that when the “ing” verb is followed by a person, it forms adverbial adjective but when it is followed by an inanimate thing, it forms a compound noun.

EXERCISE No.2 Gerund and Its Forms

Identify Participles and Gerunds in the following sentences.

1. Telling lies, he defrauded the villager.

2. Walking on foot, I noticed a dead cobra.

3. Playing cards is not allowed here.

4. She is fond of writing articles.

5. Holding his stick, he ran to the gate.

6. Please teach me swimming.

7. Giving is better than receiving.

8. Seeing is believing.

9. Hearing the noise, I woke up.

10. Working all day, she was fatigued.

11. She is fond of singing songs.

12. Singing a song, he earned money.

13. Smiling faces mean hypocrisy.

14. He talks to everyone smiling.

15. He had an exciting adventure.

16. Exciting games attract us.

17. He is tired of sleeping.

18. Sleeping the whole night, he caused a loss to himself.

19. I like fishing.

20. Fishing a lot, he made a mess.

Answers Gerund and Its Forms:

Note
G= Gerund
P=Participle

1 Telling (P) 2. Walking (p) 3. Playing (G)

4. Writing (G) 5. Seizing (P) 6. Swimming (G)

7. Giving, Receiving (G) 8. Seeing, believing (G)

9. Hearing (p) 10. Working (P) 11. Singing (P)

12. Singing (P) 13. Smiling (G) 14. Smiling (P)

15. Exciting (G) 16. Exciting (G) 17. Sleeping (G)

18. Sleeping (P) 19. Fishing (G) 20. Fishing (P)

Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Common conjunctions include “and,” “but,” “or,” and “because.” They help to link ideas together in a sentence, making the text flow more smoothly.

Let us test your learning with conjunctions and use quizzes with Answers. Here are 50 multiple-choice questions (MCQs) along with their answers on the topic of conjunctions and their uses:

Conjunctions and Uses – Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Tick the coordinating conjunction.

a) Although

b) Because

c) And

d) However

Answer: c) And

2. What type of conjunction is “neither…nor”?

a) Subordinating conjunction

b) Coordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: c) Correlative conjunction

3. Identify the subordinating conjunction in the sentence: “I will go for a walk if the weather is nice.”

a) I

b) For

c) Will

d) If

Answer: d) If

4. Which conjunction is used to show contrast or exception?

a) So

b) Or

c) But

d) And

Answer: c) But

5. Which conjunction is used to join the clauses? “She not only sings well, but she also dances gracefully and nicley.”

a) And

b) So

c) Not only

d) Also

Answer: c) Not only

6. In the sentence “I want both the red shirt ___ the blue one,” which conjunction completes the sentence?

a) And

b) Or

c) Neither

d) Nor

Answer: a) And

7. What type of conjunction is “while”?

a) Coordinating conjunction

b) Subordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: b) Subordinating conjunction

8. Which conjunction is used to introduce a result or an effect?

a) So

b) Because

c) Although

d) If

Answer: a) So

9. “He studied hard; ____________, he passed the exam.” Which conjunction best fits in the blank?

a) But

b) Or

c) And

d) So

Answer: c) And

10. What type of conjunction is “either…or”?

a) Subordinating conjunction

b) Coordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: c) Correlative conjunction

11. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: “She will go to the party provided she finishes her homework.”

a) Go

b) Provided

c) Party

d) Will

Answer: b) Provided

12. Which conjunction is used to introduce an alternative or a choice?

a) Although

b) But

c) Or

d) So

Answer: c) Or

13. “He is not only insightful, wise and clever, ___ he is also kind.” Complete the sentence with correct conjunction?

a) And

b) But

c) Or

d) Yet

Answer: a) And

14. What type of conjunction is “because”?

a) Coordinating conjunction

b) Subordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: b) Subordinating conjunction

15. Which conjunction is used to introduce a contrast or contradiction?

a) And

b) Or

c) But

d) Because

Answer: c) But

16. “She likes both chocolate ice cream ____________ vanilla ice cream.” Which conjunction best describes in the blank given below in the options?

a) And

b) Or

c) Neither

d) Nor

Answer: d) Nor

17. What type of conjunction is “when”?

a) Coordinating conjunction

b) Subordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: b) Subordinating conjunction

18. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: “He can either choose the red car or the blue car.”

a) Red

b) Can

c) Either

d) Or

Answer: d) Or

19. Which conjunction is used to introduce a reason or explanation?

a) So

b) But

c) Although

d) If

Answer: a) So

20. “She worked hard and tough; ____________, she accomplished her goals she had set the target for.” Fill in the blank with correct conjunction.

a) But

b) Or

c) And

d) So

Answer: d) So

21. What type of conjunction is “neither/nor”?

a) Subordinating conjunction

b) Coordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: c) Correlative conjunction

22. Identify the subordinating conjunction in the sentence: “I will visit you before I leave.”

a) Before

b) Visit

c) You

d) Leave

Answer: a) Before

23. Which conjunction is used to introduce an alternative?

a) Although

b) But

c) Or

d) So

Answer: c) Or

24. “He not only studied for the test, ____________, he also reviewed his notes.” Which conjunction completes the sentence?

a) And

b) But

c) Or

d) Yet

Answer: a) And

25. What type of conjunction is “although”?

a) Coordinating conjunction

b) Subordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: b) Subordinating conjunction

26. Which conjunction is used to introduce a result or effect?

a) So

b) Because

c) Although

d) If

Answer: a) So

27. “She loves both pizza ____________ hamburgers.” Fill in the blank with the conjunction that finest fits in the blank.

a) And

b) Or

c) Neither

d) Nor

Answer: d) Nor

28. What type of conjunction is “since”?

a) Coordinating conjunction

b) Subordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: b) Subordinating conjunction

29. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: “I will come to the party if I finish my work.”

a) Come

b) Finish

c) Party

d) If

Answer: d) If

30. Which conjunction is used to introduce a contrast or contradiction?

a) And

b) Or

c) But

d) Because

Answer: c) But

31. “She is not only talented, ___ she is also hardworking.” Which conjunction completes the sentence?

a) And

b) But

c) Or

d) Yet

Answer: a) And

32. What type of conjunction is “while”?

a) Coordinating conjunction

b) Subordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: b) Subordinating conjunction

33. Which conjunction is used to introduce a cause or reason?

a) So

b) But

c) Although

d) Because

Answer: d) Because

34. “She studied hard; ____________, she passed the test.” Which conjunction best fits in the blank?

a) But

b) Or

c) And

d) So

Answer: c) And

35. What type of conjunction is “either…or”?

a) Subordinating conjunction

b) Coordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: c) Correlative conjunction

36. Identify the subordinating conjunction in the sentence: “We can go out after we finish our work.”

a) Out

b) Can

c) After

d) Finish

Answer: c) After

37. Which conjunction is used to introduce an alternative or choice?

a) Although

b) But

c) Or

d) So

Answer: c) Or

38. “She not only sings well, ____________, she also plays the piano.” Fill in the blank with the correct conjunction to complete the sentence?

a) And

b) But

c) Or

d) Yet

Answer: a) And

39. What type of conjunction is “because”?

a) Coordinating conjunction

b) Subordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: b) Subordinating conjunction

40. Which conjunction is used to introduce a result or effect?

a) So

b) Because

c) Although

d) If

Answer: a) So

41. “He likes both tea ____________ coffee.” Which conjunction describes best fit in the blank?

a) And

b) Or

c) Neither

d) Nor

Answer: d) Nor

42. What type of conjunction is “when”?

a) Coordinating conjunction

b) Subordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: b) Subordinating conjunction

43. Identify the conjunction in the sentence: “I will buy either the red shirt or the blue shirt.”

a) Buy

b) Red

c) Either

d) Or

Answer: d) Or

44. Which conjunction is used to introduce a reason or explanation?

a) So

b) But

c) Although

d) If

Answer: a) So

45. “He worked hard; ____________, he earned a promotion.” Which conjunction best fits in the blank?

a) But

b) Or

c) And

d) So

Answer: d) So

46. What type of conjunction is “neither/nor”?

a) Subordinating conjunction

b) Coordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: c) Correlative conjunction

47. Identify the subordinating conjunction in the sentence: “I will go to the park when I have time.”

a) Park

b) Will

c) Go

d) When

Answer: d) When

48. Which conjunction is used to introduce an alternative?

a) Although

b) But

c) Or

d) So

Answer: c) Or

49. “She not only considered for the test, ____________, she also revised her notes.” Which conjunction completes the sentence?

a) And

b) But

c) Or

d) Yet

Answer: a) And

50. What type of conjunction is “although”?

a) Coordinating conjunction

b) Subordinating conjunction

c) Correlative conjunction

d) Conjunctive adverb

Answer: b) Subordinating conjunction

Interjections

An interjection is a word that has no real value as important as grammar is concerned. It means no parts of speech are made of interjections nor are interjections made a part of speech. In other words, it does not modify other parts of speech. 

Definition of Interjection

These are the special words that are used to express happiness, sadness, condolence, or surprise.

Examples of Interjection

Hurrah!, Bravo!, Aha!, Oh!, Wow!, Awesome!, O Yes!

More Examples of Interjection

Hurrah! We have achieved our purposes.

Bravo! I have gotten the highest sales of the year.

Alas! He failed in criticism again.

Wow! What a beautiful shot he played.

Types of Interjections

(1) Interjections For Joy:

These interjections are used to express great pleasure and happiness.

These include; Hurrah!, Wow!, Hip!, Hurray! etc.

Examples:

1) Wow! Your dress is really awesome.

2) Hurrah! I won the trophy.

3) Hurray! We successfully achieve the medals.

(2) Interjections For Sorrow:

These interjections are used for intense sorrow. It includes; Oh!, Ah!, Alas!, Ouch! etc.

Examples:

1)Alas! I Will be no more there.

2) Ouch! It hurts.

3)Oh! It’s too painful.

(3) Interjections For Surprise:

This interjection shows an unexpected or astonishing event.

These include; Ha!, Ah! Oh!, Hey!, What! etc.

Examples:

1) What! He died.

2) Oh! You did this.

3) Ah! She got a new job.

(4) Interjections For Approved:

This interjection shows the action of approving something. It includes; Brilliant!, Well done!, Bravo!, Wonderful! etc.

Examples:

1) Bravo! You are awarded with the first rank.

2) Well done! You did excellently.

3) Brilliant! Your work is outstanding.

(5) Interjection For Attention:

These interjections are used to draw the attention of somebody. Such as; Look!, Listen!, Behold!, Hush! etc.

Examples:

1) Look! You are so rude.

2) Listen! I wanna talk to you.

3) Behold! Someone stupid is there.

(6) Interjection For Greeting/Calling:

This type of interjection is used to express the feelings of someone when he meets with others. It includes; Hi!, Hello! Hey! etc.

Examples:

1) Hello! I am David.

2) Hey! Why do you look so sad?

3) Hi! I reached in time.

(7) Interjection For Forget Something:

This kind of interjection is used for forgetting something and sudden expression. It includes; Oh no! Oh shit! etc.

Examples:

1) Oh Shit! I forgot my purse.

2) Oh No! This can’t be possible.

(8) Interjection For Doubt:

This type of interjection is used for some doubt or hesitation about somebody else.

It includes; Uh!, Hmm!, Er!, etc.

Examples:

1) Oh! I doubt whether she is in danger.

2) Hmm! I think I don’t know the puzzle.

Note!

Interjection Look Like in Two Forms.

 1) Interjection (one word) e.g

Hey!, Oops!, What! etc.

2) Interjection (Group of words) e.g

Oh my God! , What a pity!, I’m shocked! etc.